THE TOTAL ECONOMIC IMPACT™ OF GETT GROUND TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT PLATFORM 15 Appendix A : Total Economic Impact Total Economic Impact is a methodology developed by Forrester Research that enhances a company’s technology decision - making processes and assists vendors in communicating the value proposition of their products and services to clients. The TEI methodology helps companies demonstrate, justify, and realize th e tangible value of IT initiatives to both senior management and other key business stakeholders. TOTAL ECONOMIC IMPACT APPROACH Benefits represent the value delivered to the business by the product. The TEI methodology places equal weight on the measure o f benefits and the measure of costs, allowing for a full examination of the effect of the technology on the entire organization. Costs consider all expenses necessary to deliver the proposed value, or benefits, of the product. The cost category within TEI captures incremental costs over the existing environment for ongoing costs associated with the solution. Flexibility represents the strategic value that can be obtained for some future additional investment building on top of the initial investment alrea dy made. Having the ability to capture that benefit has a PV that can be estimated. Risks measure the uncertainty of benefit and cost estimates given: 1) the likelihood that estimates will meet original projections and 2) the likelihood that estimates will be tracked over time. TEI risk factors are based on “triangular distribution.” The initial investment column contains costs incurred at “time 0” or at the beginning of Year 1 that are not discounted. All other cash flows are discounted using the d iscount rate at the end of the year. PV calculations are calculated for each total cost and benefit estimate. NPV calculations in the summary tables are the sum of the initial investment and the discounted cash flows in each year. Sums and present value ca lculations of the Total Benefits, Total Costs, and Cash Flow tables may not exactly add up, as some rounding may occur. PRESENT VALUE (PV) The present or current value of (discounted) cost and benefit estimates given at an interest rate (the discount rate). The PV of costs and benefits feed into the total NPV of cash flows. NET PRESENT VALUE (NPV) The present or current value of (discounted ) future net cash flows given an interest rate (the discount rate). A positive project NPV normally indicates that the investment should be made, unless other projects have higher NPVs. RETURN ON INVESTMENT (ROI) A project’s expected return in percentage terms. ROI is calculated by dividing net benefits (benefits less costs) by costs. DISCOUNT RATE The interest rate used in cash flow analysis to take into account the time value of money. Organizations typically use discount rates between 8% and 16%. PAYBACK PERIOD The breakeven point for an investment. This is the point in time at which net benefits (benefits minus costs) equal initial investment or cost.